Appendix B: participants handouts.

• Author: Kakande, Margaret
• Position: Appendix

Participant Handout B.1: Definitions and Concepts

Gender: Gender is a social construct of the different roles, responsibilities, and benefits of males and females varying from place to place and over time. Hence gender differences are not biologically determined like sex, but are part of the cultures, values and practices of a given society.

Gender Issue: This is a statistical or social indicator of inequality between males and females arising from discrimination and/or marginalization within society.

Gender analysis: Examines the access and control that men and women have over resources. This includes analyzing the sexual division of labor and the control women and men have over the inputs required for their labor and the outputs (benefits) of their labor. It also refers to a systematic way of determining men and women's often differing development needs and preferences and the different impacts of development on women and men. It takes into account how class, race, ethnicity, or other factors interact with gender to produce discriminatory results.

Gender budgeting: Gender budgeting seeks to ensure that public resources are used to meet the different needs and interests of women and men, girls and boys equitably.

Gender dimensions of poverty: These are the differences in the ways that men and women experience poverty.

Gender- (or sex-) disaggregated data: Statistical information that differentiates between men and women; for example, "number of women and men in the labor force" instead of referring generally to the "number of people in the labor force. "This allows one to see where there are gender gaps. One could go further to also consider the kind of jobs men and women occupy in the labour force.

Gender division of labor: Refers to the allocation of different jobs or types of work to men and women, usually by tradition and custom.

Gender equality: An approach addressing the issues facing both men and women in sharing the benefits of development equally, which ensures against a disproportional burden of negative impacts. It permits women and men equal enjoyment of human rights, and socially and economically value their contributions, ensures more equal access to opportunities for realizing their full potential and access to development resources, and to the benefits from development results. The fact that gender categories change over time means that development programming can have an impact on gender inequality, either increasing or decreasing it.

Gender Equity: This is the process of being fair to women and men in all spheres of life. To ensure fairness, measures must be available to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that prevent wo/men from operating on a level playing field. Gender equity strategies are used to eventually attain gender equality. Equity is the means; equality is the result. For example the affirmative action measures like the 30% quotas for women representation in decision making.

Gender gap: The gap between men and women in such terms as to how they benefit from education, employment, and services for example.

Gender indicators: These measure gender-related changes in society over time. They provide "direct evidence of the status of women, relative to some agreed normative standard or explicit reference group"

Gender Integration: means taking into account both the differences and the inequalities between wo/men in program planning, implementation, and evaluation. The roles of women and men and their relative power affect who does what in carrying out an activity, and who benefits. Taking into account the inequalities and designing programs to reduce them should contribute not only to more effective development programs but also to greater social equity/equality.

Gender roles and gender identity. Gender is how an individual or society defines "female' or "male'. Gender roles are socially and culturally defined attitudes, behaviours, expectations, and responsibilities for females and males. Gender identity is the personal, private conviction each of us has about being female or male; it defines the degree to which each person identifies himself or herself as male, female, or some combination of the two.

Macroeconomic advocate: is used here to refer to the officials who campaign for gender mainstreaming into the design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of macroeconomic policies.

Practical gender needs: These relate to women's traditional gender roles and responsibilities and are derived from their concrete life experiences.

PRSP advocate: is used here to refer to the officials who campaign for gender mainstreaming into the design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of PRSPs.

Sex: means the biological characteristics (anatomical, physiological, and genetic) that make us male or female.

Strategic gender needs: These generally address issues of equity and empowerment of women. The focus is on systematic factors that discriminate against women. This includes measuring the access of women, as a group compared with men, to resources and benefits, including laws and policies.

Women's triple roles and responsibility: In most societies, low-income women have a triple role: reproductive, productive, and community-managing activities. These responsibilities include:

* Reproductive role, Childbearing and childrearing responsibilities and domestic tasks performed by women. These include not only biological reproduction but also the care and maintenance of the work force (male partner and working children) and the future work force (infants and school age children).

* Productive role. Work done by women and men for pay in cash or in kind. It includes market production with an exchange value and subsistence or home-based production with actual use value as well as potential exchange value.

* Community-managing role: Activities undertaken primarily by women at the community level, as an extension of their reproductive role, to ensure the provision and maintenance of scarce resources of collective consumption, such as water, health care, and education.

Output: refers to the deliverables, which are directly attributed to a particular government programme, such as the number of classrooms constructed or the number of trained personnel in government health facilities. Outputs can therefore usually be measured on an annual basis.

Outcome: refers to the results of the deliverables. Outcomes usually cannot be unambiguously linked to a single government programme. For example, if the levels of pupil enrolments increase in Uganda, this may be due to effective educational services, but could also be improved household incomes making it more affordable for parents to send all children to school. Outcomes cannot always be seen immediately and on an annual basis. They are nevertheless important to measure as they reflect the overall objective or reason why government undertakes particular activity.

What is a PRSP?

This handout is designed to guide those involved in poverty reduction strategies paper (PRSPs) formulation and review at the country level in identifying and implementing policies and programs that will benefit both men and women and maximize potential benefits for poor families. Men and women experience poverty differently. As a result of their different constraints, options, incentives, and needs, women and men frequently have different priorities and are affected differently by many kinds of development interventions.

A full understanding of the gender dimensions of poverty can significantly change the definition of priority policy and program interventions supported by the PRS. Evidence is growing that gender-sensitive development strategies contribute significantly to economic growth as well as to equity objectives by ensuring that all groups of the poor share in program benefits. Yet differences between men and women's needs are often not fully recognized in poverty analysis and participatory planning and are frequently not taken into consideration in the selection and design of PRSPs. It is essential, then, to integrate gender analysis into poverty diagnosis and to ensure that participatory consultation and planning processes are specifically designed to give voice to all sectors of society--women and men as well as different age, ethnic, and cultural groups.

The World Development Report 2000/2007: Attacking Poverty, Engendering Development, and the work of authors such as Sen (1993) identify four main dimensions of poverty:

* Opportunities: Lack of access to labor markets and employment opportunities and to productive resources, constraints on mobility, and, particularly in the case of women, time burdens resulting from the need to combine domestic duties, productive activities, and management of community resources.

* Capabilities: Lack of access to public services such as education and health.

* Security: Vulnerability to economic risks and to civil and domestic violence.

* Empowerment: Being without voice and without power at the household, community, and national levels.

A PRS involves the formulation of policies and program interventions to help the poor to overcome each of these dimensions.

Opportunities

Gender inequalities in access to credit and financial services are often exacerbated by women's limited ownership of land. In much of Sub-Saharan Africa, women obtain land rights through marriage, and these rights are secure only as long as the marriage remains intact and where the woman gives birth to a male child. Recent household surveys from Ethiopia, and South Africa show that women have substantially fewer assets than men. As a result, they do not have the collateral necessary to secure loans. It is estimated that in Africa, where more women than men are farmers, women receive less than 10 percent of all credit going to small farmers and 1 percent of the total credit given to the agricultural sector. When female entrepreneurs do...